Anatomy Free Essays

1Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function 1. Name the three layers or tunics of the blood vessel wall and what they are composed of. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now LocationTunic NameComposed of InnermostTunica interiaEndothelium MiddleTunica mediaSmooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin OuterTunica externaCollagen fibers that protect and reinforce the blood vessels and anchor it to surrounding structures 2. In the following list of characteristics, put â€Å"A† for artery, â€Å"C† for capillary, and â€Å"V† for vein: v contain the lowest pressurea contain the highest pressure a has thick tunica mediav thin tunica media smallest of the blood vesselsa carries blood away from heart v largest lumen—blood reservoirc has only one tunic (intima) v carries blood toward the heartc site of exchange of nutrients 3. Name the three groups of arteries: 1. elastic artery 2. muscular artery 3. ateriole 4. Elastic arteries have a thick tunica media with the greatest amount of elastin. They also experience the greatest pressure and the widest variation in pressure. The best example is the aorta. 5. Compared to the arteries above, the muscular arteries have more smooth muscle but less Elastin. They deliver blood to specific organs. The renal artery delivers blood to the kidney and would be an example of this type of artery. Small changes in the diameter of these blood vessels greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure. Stimulation of vasomotor fibers would cause (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) of the blood vessels. 6. The smallest arteries are called aterioles. The steepest drop in blood pressure occurs in these vessels, thus they offer the greatest resistance to flow. An increase in blood flow through a feeder arteriole will (increase or ecrease) blood flow through the capillary. 7. Capillaries: The shunt is a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule. When blood flows through this vessel, there is no exchange of materials. The precapillary sphincter controls blood flow into the true capillaries. Exchange of materials takes place from these capillaries. Compared with blood pressure in the arteries, blood pressure is (high or low) in the capillar ies. 8. Venules: The smallest venules are formed when capillaries unite. They consist mainly of endothelium around which a few fibroblasts congregate. Blood flow continues to (increase or decrease) in the venules. 9. Veins: Veins have three distinct tunics, with the tunica exteria being the heaviest. Veins have thinner walls and longer lumens than arteries. 10. Because pressure is lower in the veins, special adaptations are necessary to return blood to the heart. These three structural adaptations are: 1. Venous Valve. Here, one way prevent backflow as blood travels toward the heart. 2. Muscle pump. Here, contractingskeletal muscles press against veins, forcing blood through #1 above. 3. respiratory pump. During inspiration, pressure (increases or decreases) in the thoracic cavity and (increases or decreases) in the abdominal cavity. This results in an upward â€Å"sucking† effect that pulls blood toward the heart. Cardiovascular System: Measuring Blood Pressure 1. Blood flow is generated by the cardiac output . Blood pressure results when that flow encounters systolic pressure from the vessel walls. 2. Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury and is written as mmHg. 3. Blood flows in layers within the lumen of blood vessels, with the layers in the  ¬middle of the lumen flowing fastest. This is known as laminar flow. 4. Blood pressure fluctuates with each heartbeat. The pulse you feel in your wrist is a/an pressure wave created by the contracting heart ejecting blood. 5. The maximum pressure exerted by blood against the artery wall is known as systolic pressure (SP) and is the result of ventricular systole Normal SP is about 120 mmHg. 6. What does the dicrotic notch represent? The interruption of smooth flow due to the back flow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when ventricles relax 7. Diastolic pressure (DP) is the lowest pressure in the artery and is a result of ventricular diastole Normal DP is about 70 mmHg. 8. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Write the equation for pulse pressure: PP = systolic -diastolic 9. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the calculated average pressure in the arteries. It is closer to the diastolic pressure because the heart spends more time in diastole Write the equation for mean arterial pressure: MAP = [(2x diastolc) + systolic] /3 10. When taking blood pressure, inflate the cuff so that blood flow is occulluded in the blood vessel. Open the valve slowly, releasing the pressure. The first sound you hear through the stethoscope is recorded as the systolic pressure. The sounds you hear are due to the ausculatory gap of the blood. When you don’t hear any sounds, this is recorded as the diastolic pressure. For questions 11 and 12, calculate PP and MAP, given SP = 130 mmHg and DP = 70 mmHg (see Quiz section for an example). 11. PP = 60 mmHg 12. MAP = 90 mmHg Cardiovascular System: Factors That Affect Blood Pressure 1. What are the three main factors that influence total peripheral resistance (TPR)? 1. turbulence 2. vascular resistance 3. blood viscosity 2. Name three hormones that act as vasoconstrictors. 1. ephinephrine 2. Angiotensin II 3. adh 3. Name two hormones that directly increase blood volume. 1. Aldostereone 2. Antidiuretic Hormone 4. Track the effect on blood pressure of reducing venous return. Go through all the steps. ? VR ? decrease SV – decrease CO- decrease BP 5. Categorize the following into: A. Factors that increase blood pressure B. Factors that decrease blood pressure a ? arterial diametera ? total vessel length b ? vessel elasticityb ? plasma epinephrine b ? blood volumeb ? plasma angiotensin a ? stroke volumea ? plasma ADH b ? blood viscosityb ? arasympathetic stimulation a ? blood volumea ? sympathetic stimulation Use arrows in the spaces for questions 6 through 10. 6. A ? in hematocrit will result in decrease blood viscosity and decrease blood pressure. 7. Growth will result in increase total vessel length and a/an increase in blood pressure. 8. Arteriosclerosis will result in decrease vessel elasticity a nd a/an increase in blood pressure. 9. Excessive sweating will result in a short-term decrease in blood volume and a/an decrease in blood pressure. 10. An ? in epinephrine will result in decrease vessel diameter and a/an increase in blood pressure. Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation 1. a. Short-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things? 1. heart rate 2. vessel diameter 3. heart contractility b. Long-term mechanisms will regulate blood volume-blood pressure. 2. Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where? Aorta; carotid bifurcation 3. Using up and down arrows, show the effect of increased blood pressure (BP) on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, and the resulting change in blood pressure. ? BP ? ? impulses ? ?PNS and ? SNS ? ? BP 4. As a result of these changes in the PNS and SNS, list two effects on the heart and one on blood vessels. Heart: Blood vessels: 5. As in question 3, use up and down arrows to show the effect of decreasing blood pressure. ? BP ? ____ impulses ? ____ PNS and ____ SNS ? ____ BP 6. In addition to effects on the heart and blood vessels, what hormones were released from the adrenal gland? _________________________________ and _________________________________ 7. a. What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure? juxtaglomerular b. What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure? ldosterone c. What does this enzyme act on in the blood? Sodium 8. Name two effects of angiotensin II. 1. stimulates release of Aldosterone 2. Stimulates Supraoptic nucleus to release Anti Diuretic Hormone 9. a. The main effect of aldosterone is: increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney b. How does this increase blood volume? ________________________________ 10. a. What othe r hormone will increase water reabsorption from the kidney? ADH b. What is the major stimulus for this hormone? kidneys Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics 1. a. What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? Precapillary sphincters b. If all sphincters are closed, blood is ___________ to the venules through _____________ capillaries. 2. Use arrows to show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax: a. O2 ________c. pH ________ b. CO2 ________d. nutrients ________ 3. Physical factors also act as regulatory stimuli. How would the following affect arterioles? a. Decreased blood pressure ____________________ b. Increased blood pressure ____________________ 4. Name three structural characteristics of capillaries that allow for passage of materials out of the capillaries. 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ 5. a. Diffusion accounts for the passage of _________________________. b. Non-lipid-soluble molecules move by _________________________. c. Water-soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars, move through _________________. 6. Bulk fluid flows cause _____________ at the arterial end and ________________ at the venous end of the capillary. 7. a. In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure? b. Why is hydrostatic pressure low in the interstitial fluid? c. Net hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid ______ the capillary. 8. a. Osmotic (or colloid osmotic) pressure in the capillaries is _____________ compared with that in the interstitium. b. Net osmotic pressure tends to move fluid _________ the capillaries. 9. Given a net hydrostatic pressure of 34 mmHg and a net osmotic pressure of 22 mmHg, the force favoring filtration would equal _____ mmHg. 10. Indicate which of the following move through the capillary walls by diffusion and which move through fenestrations and/or clefts: a. Butter: b. Fish: c. Cola: d. Potatoes: How to cite Anatomy, Papers